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SECTION 1 SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIERS

作者:ic921 欄目:模擬技術(shù)
SECTION 1 SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIERS

提要

SECTION 1 SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIERS
l         Rail-to-Rail Input Stages
l         Rail-to-Rail OUTPUT Stages
l         Single-Supply Instrumentation Amplifiers

第一章 單電源放大器
l         Rail-to-Rail的輸入級(jí)
l         Rail-to-Rail的輸出級(jí)
l         單電源儀表放大器


SECTION 1 SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIERS


第一章 單電源放大器

原作:Adolfo Garcia
翻譯:******

原文

譯文和注釋

[001]

[001]

Over the last several years, single-supply operation has become an increasingly important requirement as SYSTEMs get smaller, cheaper, and more portable. Portable SYSTEMs rely on batteries, and total CIRCUIT POWER consumption is an important and often dominant design issue, and in some instances, more important than cost. This makes low-voltage/low supply current operation critical; at the same time, however, accuracy and PRECISION requirements have forced IC manufacturers to meet the challenge of “doing more with less” in their AMPLIFIER DESIGNS.

近幾年來(lái),單電源工作已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)小型化、價(jià)格低廉化和便攜化越來(lái)越重要的要求。便攜式的系統(tǒng)依靠電池,整個(gè)電路耗電是一個(gè)重要而又困擾設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題,它甚至比價(jià)格更為突出。這樣,用低電壓、低電流工作的問(wèn)題就更加突出,與此同時(shí),精確性和精確度的要求又迫使IC制造者在做放大器設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),將不得不接受種種取舍的挑戰(zhàn)。



Figure 1.1

[002]

[002]

In a single-supply application, the most immediate effect on the performance of an AMPLIFIER is the reduced input and OUTPUT signal range. As a result of these lower input and OUTPUT signal excursions, AMPLIFIER CIRCUITs become more sensitive to internal and external error sources. PRECISION AMPLIFIER offset voltages on the order of 0.1mV are less than a 0.04 LSB error source in a 12-bit, 10V full-scale SYSTEM. In a single-supply SYSTEM, however, a "rail-to-rail" PRECISION AMPLIFIER with an offset voltage of 1mV represents a 0.8LSB error in a 5V FS SYSTEM, and 1.6LSB error in a 2.5V FS SYSTEM.

對(duì)單電源應(yīng)用,對(duì)放大器性能最直接的影響是輸入和輸出信號(hào)范圍減小了。由于通過(guò)的是些更低的輸入和輸出信號(hào),因而放大電路對(duì)內(nèi)部和外部誤差源變得更為敏感。精密放大器大約0.1mV的失調(diào)電壓,較12位、10V滿量程系統(tǒng)0.04LSB誤差(源)要少。在單電源供電系統(tǒng)中,一個(gè)“rail-to-rail”精密放大器以1mV失調(diào)電壓,對(duì)一個(gè)5V FS系統(tǒng)就意味著0.8LSB的誤差,對(duì)2.5V FS系統(tǒng)則意味意味著1.6LSB的誤差。

[譯者語(yǔ)]a 0.04 LSB error source中的source要譯嗎?為難中。

[003]

[003]

Furthermore, AMPLIFIER bias currents, now flowing in larger source resistances to KEEP current drain from the BATTERY low, can generate offset errors equal to or greater than the AMPLIFIER’s own offset voltage.

此外,放大器的偏置電流,如在更大的源阻抗中則可以使得電池流掉電源低一些,則可引起的失調(diào)誤差等于或大于放大器本身的失調(diào)電壓。
[譯者語(yǔ)]有點(diǎn)為不太明白。譯大意吧。

[004]

[004]

Gain accuracy in some low voltage single-supply DEVICEs is also reduced, so DEVICE selection needs careful consideration. Many AMPLIFIERs having open-loop gains in the millions typically operate on DUAL supplies: for example, the OP07 family types. However, many single-supply/rail-to-rail AMPLIFIERs for PRECISION applications typically have open-loop gains between 25,000 and 30,000 under light loading (>10KOHM). Selected DEVICEs, like the OPX13 family, do have high open-loop gains (i.e., >1V/μV).

一些低壓?jiǎn)坞娫垂╇姷钠骷脑鲆婢纫惨獪p小,因而,器件選擇也要仔細(xì)考慮。許多放大器有數(shù)百萬(wàn)倍開(kāi)環(huán)增益的都是雙電源供電的:例如OP07系列之類(lèi)的。但是,許多精密應(yīng)用的單電源供電/rail-to-rail放大器在輕載(> 10KOHM)下的典型開(kāi)環(huán)增益為25,000 和30,000 之間。選擇的器件,如OPX13系列,則有高開(kāi)環(huán)增益(即大于1V/μV)。

[005]

[005]

Many trade-offs are possible in the design of a single-supply AMPLIFIER: speed versus POWER, noise versus POWER, PRECISION versus speed and POWER, etc. Even if the noise floor remains constant (highly unlikely), the signal-to-noise ratio will drop as the signal amplitude decreases.

設(shè)計(jì)單電源放大器,在許多“交易”都是是可能存在的:速度與電耗,噪聲與電耗,精確度與速度和電耗等等。甚至the noise floor保持常數(shù)(大就不受歡迎),在信號(hào)大幅下降時(shí)信噪比也將下降。

[譯者語(yǔ)]“the noise floor”應(yīng)該怎么譯?

[006]

[006]

Besides these limitations, many other design considerations that are otherwise minor issues in DUAL-supply AMPLIFIERs become important. For example, signal-to-noise (SNR) performance degrades as a result of reduced signal swing. "Ground reference" is no longer a simple choice, as one reference voltage may work for some DEVICEs, but not others. SYSTEM noise increases as operating supply current drops, and bandwidth decreases. Achieving adequate bandwidth and required PRECISION with a somewhat limited selection of AMPLIFIERs presents significant SYSTEM design challenges in single-supply, low-POWER applications.

除這些限制以外,許多雙電源放大器的其它設(shè)計(jì)考慮都變得重要起來(lái)。例如,信噪比(SNR)由于信號(hào)擺幅的減少而降低!暗貐⒖肌币巡辉偈且粋(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的選擇,如一個(gè)參考電壓在一些器件上可以工作,而其它器件則不然。電源電流降低時(shí),系統(tǒng)噪聲又會(huì)增加,且?guī)捯哺鴾p小。對(duì)單電源、低功耗應(yīng)用,在放大器的一些有限的選擇面前,要達(dá)到適當(dāng)?shù)膸捄退璧木,無(wú)疑對(duì)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)提出了重大的挑戰(zhàn)。

[007]

[007]

Most CIRCUIT designers take "ground" reference for granted. Many ANALOG CIRCUITs scale their input and OUTPUT ranges about a ground reference. In DUAL-supply applications, a reference that splits the supplies (0V) is very convenient, as there is equal supply headroom in each direction, and 0V is generally the voltage on the low impedance ground plane.

多數(shù)電路設(shè)計(jì)師都愿意用“地面”作為參考。許多模擬電路稱它們的輸入和輸出范圍也是以地為參考的。在雙電源供電的應(yīng)用中,分離電源的參考(0V)非常方便,盡管在各個(gè)方向有相等的電源凈空,且0V一般是電壓在低阻抗地層板上。

[008]

[008]

In single-supply/rail-to-rail CIRCUITs, however, the ground reference can be chosen anywhere within the supply range of the CIRCUIT, since there is no STANDARD to follow. The choice of ground reference depends on the type of signals processed and the AMPLIFIER characteristics. For example, choosing the negative rail as the ground reference may optimize the dynamic range of an op amp whose OUTPUT is designed to swing to 0V. On the other hand, the signal may require level shifting in order to be compatible with the input of other DEVICEs (such as ADCs) that are not designed to operate at 0V input.

在單電源/rail-to-rail電路中,參考地盡可以電源電壓范圍內(nèi)任意點(diǎn)選擇,因?yàn)闆](méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可循的。選擇參考地取決于被處理信號(hào)類(lèi)型和放大器特性。例如, 選擇負(fù)軌作為參考地可
2樓: >>參與討論
ic921
文件共40余頁(yè),已譯5頁(yè)
請(qǐng)大家多多支持,以期在春節(jié)前譯完。----有鼓勵(lì)和批評(píng),勁頭比較足點(diǎn),呵呵。

查了一下,好巧,一個(gè)月后的今天就是春節(jié)了。。。。

* - 本貼最后修改時(shí)間:2005-12-29 1:18:38 修改者:ic921

3樓: >>參與討論
ic921
圖1和圖2
圖1

圖2

4樓: >>參與討論
南方的老樹(shù)
樓主辛苦了,支持!
 
5樓: >>參與討論
sheepyang
辛苦了
看了最后第12項(xiàng),覺(jué)得需要修改:
  由于大多數(shù)單電源數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)至少需要12~14位性能,所以在各種負(fù)載條件下能夠保持開(kāi)環(huán)增益大于30,000倍的放大器對(duì)精密應(yīng)用是非常好的選擇。


6樓: >>參與討論
sheepyang
第三項(xiàng)翻譯是不是這樣
此外,放大器的偏置電流,即從電池往下(這個(gè)low還不好理解)流經(jīng)較大的源電阻(是不是Rds?)的漏電流,可引起的失調(diào)誤差會(huì)等于或大于放大器本身的失調(diào)電壓。


* - 本貼最后修改時(shí)間:2005-12-29 13:07:31 修改者:sheepyang

7樓: >>參與討論
sheepyang
do more with less意思
直譯就是
   辦的事情多,花費(fèi)少。
   
有人認(rèn)為“事半功倍”比較好。

"trade off"翻譯成"折衷",就是功耗與速度是矛盾的。

邊看邊評(píng):

  dynamic ranger: 動(dòng)態(tài)范圍
  op amp:運(yùn)算放大器。 (樓主被鬼子忽悠了)


For example, choosing the negative rail as the ground reference may optimize the dynamic range of an op amp whose OUTPUT is designed to swing to 0V. On the other hand, the signal may require level shifting in order to be compatible with the input of other devices (such as ADCs) that are not designed to operate at 0V input.
“例如,選擇負(fù)軌作為地參考也許能夠優(yōu)化一個(gè)輸出可以至0運(yùn)放的動(dòng)態(tài)范圍。另一方面,為了兼容其他那些工作輸入信號(hào)電壓不為0的器件,如模數(shù)-數(shù)模轉(zhuǎn)換器,信號(hào)電平也許要做平移。(抬高還是要降低我不清楚)



Early single-supply “zero-in, zero-out” AMPLIFIERs were designed on bipolar processes which optimized the performance of the NPN transistors. The PNP transistors were either lateral or substrate PNPs with much poorer performance than the NPNs. Fully complementary processes are now required for the new-breed of single-supply/rail-to-rail operational AMPLIFIERs. These new AMPLIFIER DESIGNS do not use lateral or substrate PNP transistors within the signal path, but incorporate parallel NPN and PNP input stages to accommodate input signal swings from ground to the positive supply rail. Furthermore, rail-to-rail OUTPUT stages are designed with bipolar NPN and PNP common-emitter, or N-channel/P-channel common-source AMPLIFIERs whose collector-emitter saturation voltage or drain-source channel on-resistance determine OUTPUT signal swing with the load current.
早期"0輸入,0輸出的"單電源放大器是采用對(duì)NPN管性能經(jīng)過(guò)優(yōu)化的
雙極工藝設(shè)計(jì)的。而橫向及襯底PNP的性能比NPN差很多,F(xiàn)在新一代的單電源/軌到軌的運(yùn)算放大器需要完全互補(bǔ)的工藝。新的放大器在信號(hào)通路上不會(huì)使用橫向或襯底PNP,但是與NPN及PNP并行協(xié)作的輸入端能夠使輸入信號(hào)的擺幅從0到正電源電壓。并且,軌到軌的輸出級(jí)采用了NPN/PNP共射或是N溝/P溝共源放大器形式,而集電極發(fā)射極的飽和電壓或漏-源導(dǎo)通電阻將決定輸出信號(hào)擺幅與負(fù)載電流的關(guān)系。



* - 本貼最后修改時(shí)間:2005-12-29 19:43:15 修改者:sheepyang

8樓: >>參與討論
liulinlei
不急。辛苦了
 
9樓: >>參與討論
cmqiu1969

 
10樓: >>參與討論
iC921
sheepyang的點(diǎn)評(píng)很到位
受用了!

11樓: >>參與討論
awey
強(qiáng)烈支持!
 
12樓: >>參與討論
ferry
支持一下
noise floor 基底噪聲 (即對(duì)給定的輸出信躁比(S/N)時(shí)的有效輸入信號(hào)電平Si,也叫系統(tǒng)靈敏度)
即使基底噪聲保持不變(可能性極。,信躁比也將隨信號(hào)幅值減小而下降。


13樓: >>參與討論
computer00
俺也來(lái)湊湊熱鬧…………
[007]……In dual-supply applications, a reference that splits the supplies (0V) is very convenient, as there is equal supply headroom in each direction, and 0V is generally the voltage on the low impedance ground plane.

[007]……在雙電源應(yīng)用中,用電源分壓而得到的參考(0V)使用起來(lái)是非常方便的,因?yàn)樵冢ㄕ?fù))兩個(gè)方向上具有相同的擺動(dòng)范圍,并且0V電壓通常又是低阻抗的地平面。

14樓: >>參與討論
computer00
[010]
[010]

The characteristics of a single-supply AMPLIFIER input stage (common-mode rejection, input offset voltage and its temperature coefficient, and noise) are critical in PRECISION, low-voltage applications. Rail-to-rail input operational AMPLIFIERs must resolve small signals, whether their inputs are at ground, or at the AMPLIFIER’s positive supply. Amplifiers having a MINIMUM of 60dB common-mode rejection over the entire input common-mode voltage range from 0V to the positive supply (VPOS) are GOOD candidates. It is not necessary that AMPLIFIERs maintain common-mode rejection for signals beyond the supply voltages: what is required is that they do not self-destruct for momentary overvoltage conditions. Furthermore, AMPLIFIERs that have offset voltages less than 1mV and offset voltage drifts less than 2μV/°C are also very GOOD candidates for PRECISION applications. Since input signal dynamic range and SNR are equally if not more important than OUTPUT dynamic range and SNR, PRECISION single-supply/rail-to-rail operational AMPLIFIERs should have noise levels referred-to-input (RTI) less than 5μVp-p in the 0.1Hz to 10Hz band.

temperature coefficient:我覺(jué)得改為“溫度系數(shù)”會(huì)比較好。

在精密、低電壓應(yīng)用的場(chǎng)合,單電源放大器輸入級(jí)的特性(共模抑制比、輸入偏置電壓以及它有溫度系數(shù)、噪聲) 是很重要的。Rail-to-rail輸入的運(yùn)算放大器必須解決小信號(hào)的問(wèn)題, 不管是它們的電平位于地電平,還是位于放大器的正電源電平。在0V到電源正(VPOS)整個(gè)共模輸入電壓范圍內(nèi)具有至少60dB的共模抑制比的放大器是不錯(cuò)的選擇。而信號(hào)遠(yuǎn)離電源電壓后,再維持放大器的共模抑制是不必要的,需要的卻是不為瞬間過(guò)電壓所毀壞的條件。此外,在精密應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合,具有失調(diào)電壓小于1mV并且失調(diào)電壓飄逸小于2μV/℃的運(yùn)放也是非常好的選擇。因?yàn)楫?dāng)在沒(méi)有比輸出動(dòng)態(tài)范圍和SNR更重要的要求時(shí),輸入信號(hào)動(dòng)態(tài)范圍和SNR同等重要,所以精密單電源/rail-to-rail運(yùn)算放大器應(yīng)該在0.1Hz~10Hz的帶寬里有小于5μVp-p的折合到輸入端的噪聲(RTI)。

15樓: >>參與討論
guorock
似乎是AD公司的DATASHEET!呵呵
 
16樓: >>參與討論
asunmad
支持一下。
近期比較忙,灌水少了,隨便談點(diǎn)想法,以示支持
[003]
Furthermore, AMPLIFIER bias currents, now flowing in larger source resistances to KEEP current drain from the BATTERY low, can generate offset errors equal to or greater than the AMPLIFIER’s own offset voltage.

其中,now flowing in larger source resistances to KEEP current drain from the BATTERY low中的now指的就是在單電源放大器中(而不是以往的雙電源放大器),to KEEP ... low上表示目的的狀語(yǔ)。

全句試譯為:

此外,在單電源放大器中,因?yàn)槭褂酶蟮脑措娮枰詼p小電源電流,偏置電流流過(guò)更大的源電阻產(chǎn)生的失調(diào)電壓可能等于或大于放大器本身的失調(diào)電壓。

感覺(jué)意思是這樣,但翻譯得比較呦口,希望哪位幫忙理一下:)


17樓: >>參與討論
iC921
謝謝大家的支持!
爭(zhēng)取明晚,發(fā)第二節(jié)。

18樓: >>參與討論
by2hit.amo
強(qiáng)烈支持^_^ 預(yù)祝各位元旦快樂(lè)!
 
19樓: >>參與討論
iC921
今晚因?yàn)橥瑢W(xué)來(lái)聊
還有網(wǎng)友聯(lián)絡(luò)較多,未能如期發(fā)帖。請(qǐng)大家原諒。

* - 本貼最后修改時(shí)間:2006-1-1 2:20:08 修改者:iC921

20樓: >>參與討論
wanghui525
學(xué)習(xí)
支持啊!

21樓: >>參與討論
dxia
SECTION 1 SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIERS
辛苦了

22樓: >>參與討論
iC921
研討翻譯 SINGLE-SUPPLY/RAIL-TO-RAIL OP AMP INPUT STAGES

SINGLE-SUPPLY/RAIL-TO-RAIL OP AMP INPUT STAGES



部分句子自覺(jué)不好譯,在譯文欄中保留,多請(qǐng)大家指教。

RAIL-TO-RAIL輸入級(jí)的單電源運(yùn)算放大器

[013]

[013]

With the increasing emphasis on low-voltage, low-power, and single-supply operation, there is some demand for op amps whose input common-mode range includes both supply rails. Such a feature is undoubtedly useful in some applications, but engineers should recognize that there are relatively few applications where it is absolutely essential. These should be carefully distinguished from the many applications where common-mode range CLOSE to the supplies or one that includes one of the supplies is necessary, but input rail-rail operation is not.

以低電壓、低功耗和單電源工作為增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn),運(yùn)算放大器的輸入共模范圍應(yīng)包括兩個(gè)電源軌。這一特點(diǎn)在一些應(yīng)用中有用是無(wú)容置疑,但工程師應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到它的相對(duì)性,象這樣的應(yīng)用是很少的。應(yīng)當(dāng)從許多應(yīng)用中區(qū)分出共模范圍緊靠電源或電源的一邊是需要的,但要求輸入rail-rail工作則不必。

[014]

[014]

In many single-supply applications, it is required that the input go to ONLY one of the supply rails (usually ground). AMPLIFIERs which will handle zero-volt inputs are relatively easily designed using either PNP TRANSISTORs (see OP90 and the OPX93 in Figure 1.3) or N-channel JFETs (see AD820 family in Figure 1.4). P-channel JFETs can be used where inputs must include the positive supply rail (but not the negative rail) as shown in Figure 1.4 for the OP282/OP482.

許多單電源應(yīng)用中,它的輸入只涉及一個(gè)電源軌(通常為“地”)。用PNP管(見(jiàn)圖3的OP90和OPX93)或N溝道JFET(參見(jiàn)圖1.4的AD820系列)設(shè)計(jì)的0V電壓輸入的放大器相對(duì)容易些。P溝道JFET則可以用于面正電源軌而不能用于負(fù)電源軌(的放大器),如圖1.4所示的OP282/OP482 。

OP90 AND OPX93 INPUT STAGE ALLOWS INPUT TO GO TO THE NEGATIVE RAIL



Figure 1.3
AD820/AD822/AD824 INPUT INCLUDES NEGATIVE RAIL,
OP-282/OP-482 INCLUDES POSITIVE RAIL



Figure 1.4

[015]

[015]

In the FET-input stages of Figure 1.4, the possibility exists for phase reversal as input signals approach and exceed the AMPLIFIER’s LINEAR input common-mode voltage ranges. As described in Section 7, internal AMPLIFIER stages saturate, forcing subsequent stages into cutoff. Depending on the structure of the input stage, phase reversal forces the OUTPUT voltage to one of the supply rails. For n-channel JFET-input stages, the OUTPUT voltage goes to the negative OUTPUT rail during phase reversal. For p-channel JFET-input stages, the OUTPUT is forced to the positive OUTPUT rail. New FET-input AMPLIFIERs, like the AD820 family of AMPLIFIERs, incorporate design improvements that prevent OUTPUT voltage phase reversal for signals within the rated supply voltage range. Their input stage and second gain stage even offer protection against OUTPUT voltage phase reversal for input signals 200mV more positive than the positive supply voltage.

用FET作輸入級(jí)的見(jiàn)圖1.4,當(dāng)輸入信號(hào)接近和超過(guò)放大器的線性輸入共模電壓范圍時(shí)存在反偏的可能性。詳細(xì)介紹詳見(jiàn)第7節(jié),內(nèi)部放大器級(jí)飽和,迫使后級(jí)截止。根據(jù)輸入級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu),反偏將迫使輸出電壓向一個(gè)電源軌靠攏。對(duì)N溝道JFET輸入級(jí),反偏期間的輸出電壓將趨向負(fù)軌。對(duì)P溝道JFET輸入級(jí),輸出電壓則趨向正軌。新的FET輸入放大器,如AD820系列放大器,incorporate design improvements that prevent OUTPUT voltage phase reversal for signals within the rated supply voltage range它們的輸入級(jí)和第二增益級(jí)甚至可以提供輸入信號(hào)高于正電源電壓+200mV  against OUTPUT voltage phase reversal的保護(hù)。

[譯者語(yǔ)]phase reversal,一般譯作反相,但第一句也這樣譯似乎不妥。另,黑體字一句看上去很容易,但處理起來(lái)感覺(jué)特難,故予以保留。
[譯注]Section 7指的是另一篇文章,不在本文(section 1)的范圍內(nèi)。

[016]

[016]

As shown in Figure 1.5, true rail-to-rail input stages require two long-tailed pairs, one of NPN bipolar TRANSISTORs (or N-channel FETs), the other of PNP TRANSISTORs (or p-channel FETs). These two pairs exhibit different offsets and bias currents, so when the applied input common-mode voltage changes, the AMPLIFIER input offset voltage and input bias current does also. In fact, when both current sources (I1 and I2) remain active throughout the entire input common-mode range, AMPLIFIER input offset voltage is the average offset voltage of the NPN pair and the PNP pair. In those DESIGNS where the current sources are alternatively SWITCHed off at some point along the input common-mode voltage, AMPLIFIER input offset voltage is dominated by the PNP pair offset voltage for signals near the negative supply, and by the NPN pair offset voltage for signals near the positive supply.

如圖1.5所示,真正的 rail-to-rail輸入級(jí)需要兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)尾對(duì),一個(gè)為雙極型NPN體管(或N溝道FET),另外一個(gè)為PNP管(或P溝道FET)。由于這兩個(gè)差分對(duì)有不同的失調(diào)電流和偏置電流,因此加到輸入共模電壓變化,放大器的輸入偏置電壓和輸入偏壓電流也跟著改變。實(shí)際上,當(dāng)兩個(gè)電流源(I1 和I2)依然處在整個(gè)輸入共模(電壓)范圍,放大器輸入失調(diào)電壓是NPN差分對(duì)和PNP差分對(duì)的平均值。按輸入共模電壓的某些點(diǎn),電流源的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)向關(guān)斷,因此,信號(hào)在負(fù)電源附近,放大器輸入失調(diào)電壓由PNP差分對(duì)失調(diào)電壓決定,而信號(hào)在正電源附近,則NPN差分對(duì)的失調(diào)電壓控制著。

[017]

[017]

AMPLIFIER input bias current, a function of TRANSISTOR current gain, is also a function of the applied input common-mode voltage. The result is relatively poor common-mode rejection (CMR), and a changing common-mode input impedance over the common-mode input voltage range, compared to familiar DUAL supply PRECISION devices like the OP07 or OP97. These specifications should be considered carefully when choosing a rail-rail input op amp, especially for a non-inverting configuration. Input offset voltage, input bias current, and even CMR may be quite GOOD over PART of the common-mode range, but much worse in the region where operation shifts between the NPN and PNP devices.

放大器的輸入偏置電流,晶體管的電流放大作用,也具有加到輸入共模電壓的作用。結(jié)果,與熟悉比較雙電源精密器件如OP07OP97相比,相對(duì)地劣化的共模抑制(CMR),改變整個(gè)共模輸入電壓范圍的輸入阻抗。在選擇rail-rail輸入級(jí)的運(yùn)算放大器時(shí),這些特性都要仔細(xì)考慮,特別是在同相配置時(shí)。在各自的共模范圍內(nèi),輸入失調(diào)電壓、輸入偏置電流甚至共模抑制CMR也許都十分的好,但在NPN元件和PNP元件間的工作交替的區(qū)域卻更壞。
[譯者語(yǔ)]over PART of the common-mode range怎樣處理好?其中PART和[018]同樣句型中的most算是一種什么樣的關(guān)系?

RAIL-TO-RAIL INPUT STAGE TOPOLOGY



Figure 1.5

[018]

[018]

Many rail-to-rail AMPLIFIER input stage DESIGNS SWITCH operation from one differential pair to the other differential pair somewhere along the input common-mode voltage range. Devices like the OPX91 family and the OP279 have a common-mode crossover threshold at approximately 1V below the positive supply. In these devices, the PNP differential input stage remains active; as a result, AMPLIFIER input offset voltage, input bias current, CMR, input noise voltage/current are all determined by the character
23樓: >>參與討論
iC921
預(yù)計(jì)明晚帖下一小節(jié)
 

    24樓: >>參與討論
    IC921
    研討翻譯 SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIERS -3-

    SINGLE-SUPPLY/RAIL-TO-RAIL OP AMP OUTPUT STAGES


    輸出級(jí)為RAIL-TO-RAIL的單電源運(yùn)算放大器

    [023]

    [023]

    The earliest IC op amp OUTPUT stages were NPN emitter followers with NPN current sources or resistive pull-downs, as shown in Figure 1.6. Naturally, the slew rates were greater for positive-going than for negative-going signals. While all modern op amps have push-pull OUTPUT stages of some sort, many are still asymmetrical, and have a greater slew rate in one direction than the other. This asymmetry, which generally results from the use of IC PROCESSes with better NPN than PNP TRANSISTORs, may also result in the ability of the OUTPUT to approach one supply more closely than the other.

    最初的集成運(yùn)算放大器的輸出級(jí)是NPN電流源的NPN 放射追隨器或通過(guò)電阻下拉,如圖1.6所示。(這樣的電路),其正向信號(hào)的壓擺率自然比負(fù)向的大,F(xiàn)代運(yùn)算放大器有某種方式的推挽式的輸出級(jí),許多也是不對(duì)稱的,并且某一方向的壓擺率有比其它方向的有更大的傾向。這種比PNP晶體管更好的非對(duì)稱性,一般源于所用的IC工藝,也源于這樣能比其它方式更有迫近某一電源軌的能力。

    [024]

    [024]

    In many applications, the OUTPUT is required to swing ONLY to one rail, usually the negative rail (i.e., ground in single-supply systems). A pulldown RESISTOR to the negative rail will allow the OUTPUT to approach that rail (provided the load impedance is high enough, or is also grounded to that rail), but ONLY slowly. Using an FET current source instead of a RESISTOR can speed things up, but this adds complexity.

    許多應(yīng)用中,輸出只需擺向某一電源軌,而且通常是負(fù)軌(即單電源系統(tǒng)的電源地)。一個(gè)下拉電阻器將允許輸出迫近迫近該電源軌(所提供的負(fù)載阻抗足夠高, 或負(fù)載也是接地的),但這樣速度較慢。若使用FET電流源來(lái)代替電阻器則可能使之加速,但這又增加了復(fù)雜性。

    OP AMP OUTPUT STAGES USING
    COMPLEMENTARY DEVICES ALLOW PUSH-PULL DRIVE



    Figure 1.6

    [025]

    [025]

    An IC PROCESS with relatively well-matched (AC and DC) PNP and NPN TRANSISTORs allows both the OUTPUT voltage swing and slew rate to be reasonably well matched. However, an OUTPUT stage using BJTs cannot swing completely to the rails, but ONLY to within the TRANSISTOR saturation voltage (VCESAT) of the rails (see Figure 1.7). For small amounts of load current (less than 100μA), the saturation voltage may be as low as 5 to 10mV, but for higher load currents, the saturation voltage can increase to several hundred mV (for example, 500mV at 50MA).

    具有PNP與NPN晶體管匹配(包括交流和直流)相對(duì)較好的IC工藝,可以使輸出擺幅和壓擺率都會(huì)有相應(yīng)較好的匹配。然而,輸出級(jí)使用BJT(雙極型晶體管)就無(wú)法完全地?cái)[動(dòng)電源軌,而只能限于在晶體管飽和電壓(VCESAT)的范圍之內(nèi)(參見(jiàn)圖1.7)。為小負(fù)載電流(小于1004μA),飽和電壓也許低至5~10mV。但更高的負(fù)載電流,飽和電壓可能增加到幾百mV(例如50MA時(shí)為500mV) 。
    [譯者語(yǔ)]both不是指兩個(gè)輸出,而是the OUTPUT voltage swing和to be reasonably well matched。要注意。

    [026]

    [026]

    On the other hand, an OUTPUT stage constructed of CMOS FETs can provide true rail-to-rail performance, but ONLY under no-load conditions. If the OUTPUT must source or sink current, the OUTPUT swing is reduced by the voltage dropped across the FETs internal "on" resistance (typically, 100ohms).

    另一方面,由CMOS FET構(gòu)建的輸出級(jí)則可能提供真正的rail-to-rail性能,但只限于無(wú)負(fù)載情況下。如果輸出必須吸入或灌出(泵出)電流,輸出擺幅就會(huì)因FET內(nèi)部“導(dǎo)通”阻抗的壓降而降低(典型為100Ω)。

    RAIL-TO-RAIL OUTPUT STAGE SWING
    IS LIMITED BY Vcesat, Ron, AND LOAD CURRENT



    Figure 1.7

    [027]

    [027]

    In summary, the following points should be considered when selecting AMPLIFIERs for single-supply/rail-to-rail applications:

    總之,在選擇單電源/rail-to-rail放大器時(shí)以下各點(diǎn)應(yīng)該予以考慮:

    [028]

    [028]

    First, input offset voltage and input bias currents can be a function of the applied input common-mode voltage (for true rail-to-rail input op amps). Circuits using this class of AMPLIFIERs should be designed to minimize resulting errors. An inverting AMPLIFIER configuration with a false ground reference at the non-inverting input prevents these errors by holding the input common-mode voltage constant. If the inverting AMPLIFIER configuration cannot be used, then AMPLIFIERs like the OP284/OP484 which do not exhibit any common-mode crossover thresholds should be used.

    首先,輸入失調(diào)電壓和輸入偏置電流是加到輸入端共模電壓的函數(shù)(對(duì)真rail-to-rail的輸入型的運(yùn)算放大器)。放大器這一級(jí)電路要設(shè)計(jì)成引起的誤差最小(化)。反相放大器在同相輸入端進(jìn)行虛地的配置,可防止這些由共模電壓引入的誤差恒定。如果不能使用反相放大器配置,那么,就要采用象OP284/OP484 這樣do not exhibit any common-mode crossover thresholds的放大器。

    [譯者語(yǔ)]which do not exhibit any common-mode crossover thresholds掌握不好。

    [029]

    [029]

    Second, since input bias currents are not always small and can exhibit different polarities, source impedance levels should be carefully matched to minimize additional input bias current-induced offset voltages and increased distortion. Again, consider using AMPLIFIERs that exhibit a smooth input bias current transition throughout the applied input common-mode voltage.

    其次, 因?yàn)檩斎肫秒娏鞑灰欢ǘ夹? 且可能體現(xiàn)不同的極性,而且源阻抗水平應(yīng)該仔細(xì)地進(jìn)行匹配,以將輸入偏置電流引起額外失調(diào)電壓和增加的畸變減到最小。再者,所用的放大器也要考慮在加到輸入端的整個(gè)共模電壓(范圍內(nèi))輸入偏置電流轉(zhuǎn)換保持平滑。

    [030]

    [030]

    Third, rail-to-rail AMPLIFIER OUTPUT stages exhibit load-dependent gain which affects AMPLIFIER open-loop gain, and hence closed-loop gain accuracy. Amplifiers with open-loop gains greater than 30,000 for resistive loads less than 10KOHM are GOOD choices in PRECISION applications. For applications not requiring full rail-rail swings, DEVICE families like the OPX13 and OPX93 offer DC gains of 0.2V/μV or more.

    第三,rail-to-rail放大器輸出級(jí)的負(fù)載-增益效應(yīng),放大器開(kāi)環(huán)增益,閉環(huán)增益精度。放大器的開(kāi)環(huán)增益大于30,000的負(fù)載阻抗小于10kΩ,在精密應(yīng)用中是一個(gè)好的選擇。對(duì)于不要求完全rail-rail擺幅的應(yīng)用,象OPX13和OPX93系列器件可提供0.2V/μV或更多的直流增益。

    [031]

    [031]

    Lastly, no matter what claims are made, rail-to-rail OUTPUT voltage swings are functions of the AMPLIFIER’s OUTPUT stage DEVICEs and load current. The saturation voltage (VCESAT), saturation resistance (RSAT), and load current all affect the AMPLIFIER OUTPUT voltage swing.

    最后, no matter what claims are made,  rail-to-rail輸出電壓擺幅是放大器的輸出級(jí)器件和負(fù)載電流的函數(shù)。飽和電壓(VCESAT),飽和抵抗(RSAT)和負(fù)載電流全都影響著放大器輸出電壓的擺幅。

    [032]

    [032]

    These considerations, as well as those re
    25樓: >>參與討論
    computer00
    no matter what claims are made 看起來(lái)像 “不管提出何種要求”
    saturation resistance  應(yīng)該翻譯成“飽和電阻”比較合適吧。

    These considerations, as well as those regarding rail-to-rail PRECISION, have implications in many circuits, namely instrumentation amplifiers, which will be covered in the next sections.
    看看通不通:

    像關(guān)于軌到軌(放大器?)精度這些問(wèn)題的考慮,已經(jīng)在很多電路中牽涉到了,(這些電路)也就是下一節(jié)中將要提到的儀表放大器。  


    * - 本貼最后修改時(shí)間:2006-1-12 18:43:47 修改者:computer00

    26樓: >>參與討論
    computer00
    改了改030:
    Third, rail-to-rail AMPLIFIER OUTPUT stages exhibit load-dependent gain which affects AMPLIFIER open-loop gain, and hence closed-loop gain accuracy. Amplifiers with open-loop gains greater than 30,000 for resistive loads less than 10KOHM are GOOD choices in PRECISION applications.

    第三,軌到軌放大器的輸出狀態(tài)表現(xiàn)出 影響開(kāi)環(huán)增益從而影響閉環(huán)增益精度的 負(fù)載增益效應(yīng)。對(duì)于負(fù)載電阻小于10K歐姆的精密應(yīng)用中,具有開(kāi)環(huán)增益大于30,000的放大器是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的選擇。

    27樓: >>參與討論
    IC921
    到位多了,多謝00!
     
    28樓: >>參與討論
    asunmad
    [015]粗體
    New FET-input amplifiers, like the AD820 family of amplifiers, incorporate design improvements that prevent OUTPUT voltage phase reversal for signals within the rated supply voltage range.

    新型的FET輸入管放大器(如AD820系列放大器),在設(shè)計(jì)上做了改善,對(duì)于額定電源電壓范圍之內(nèi)的信號(hào),能夠防止輸出電壓相位反轉(zhuǎn)。

    29樓: >>參與討論
    iC921
    謝謝asunmad!
    這個(gè)地方,我有想這么譯,可是我還不太理解它指的到底是什么,所以不敢譯出:“輸出電壓相位反轉(zhuǎn)”,勞請(qǐng)?jiān)斀狻?br>
    30樓: >>參與討論
    asunmad
    其實(shí)我也解釋不清楚,不知看看那個(gè)Section 7能不能有點(diǎn)啟示。
    另外,我感覺(jué)[13]段中部分翻譯值得商榷。
    [13] ... Such a feature is undoubtedly useful in some applications, but engineers should recognize that there are relatively few applications where it is absolutely essential. These should be carefully distinguished from the many applications where common-mode range CLOSE to the supplies or one that includes one of the supplies is necessary, but input rail-rail operation is not.

    這一特點(diǎn)在一些應(yīng)用中有用是無(wú)容置疑,但工程師應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到它的相對(duì)性,象這樣的應(yīng)用是很少的。應(yīng)當(dāng)從許多應(yīng)用中區(qū)分出共模范圍緊靠電源或電源的一邊是需要的,但要求輸入rail-rail工作則不必。

    毋庸置疑,這一特點(diǎn)在某些應(yīng)用中是有用的,但工程師們應(yīng)該知道,絕對(duì)需要這一特點(diǎn)的應(yīng)用相對(duì)較少。必須把它與共模范圍必須接近電源或者包含電源的一邊的應(yīng)用區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái),Rail-rail輸入不是這種情況。

    31樓: >>參與討論
    ic921
    前半句經(jīng)你處理,爽多了,只是后半句不是很清楚
    再次感謝asunmad!!

    我看到這個(gè)地方總有一種模糊,與上一處[015]一樣。我的理解是is not和 is necessary是對(duì)應(yīng)的,對(duì)input rail-rail operation is not中的is not譯成不必。

    ----------
    文章中提到的兩種得法:rail-rail 和rail-to-rail ,我沒(méi)有來(lái)得及區(qū)別過(guò)。有什么不同呢?我譯到這些地方,一般保留原樣,F(xiàn)在提出來(lái)一下。

    32樓: >>參與討論
    asunmad
    IC921說(shuō)得對(duì),is not和is necessary是對(duì)應(yīng)的,是我搞錯(cuò)了。
    后一句可以譯成:
    必須把它與共模范圍必須接近電源或者包含電源的一邊,但不需要rail-rail輸入的應(yīng)用區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。

    我沒(méi)看出有區(qū)分rail-rail與rail-to-rail的必要,所以估且認(rèn)為是原文中用詞不一致吧。

    * - 本貼最后修改時(shí)間:2006-1-14 23:00:35 修改者:asunmad

    33樓: >>參與討論
    ic921
    嘿嘿,好不容易看對(duì)一個(gè)地方
    很受鼓勵(lì)!

    rail-rail與rail-to-rail還是觀察下去再說(shuō)吧。我看原文多次出現(xiàn)這樣有差異的詞,應(yīng)該是有原因的。我在閱讀的時(shí)候,是有一種不同的感覺(jué)。

    34樓: >>參與討論
    jz0095
    rail-rail與rail-to-rail
    我也沒(méi)看出兩者在文中的含義有什么區(qū)別,倒是看到rail-rail/rail-to-rail中有單電源、雙電源等區(qū)別。

    [17]
    Input offset voltage, input bias current, and even CMR may be quite GOOD "over PART of the common-mode range", but much worse in the region where operation shifts between the NPN and PNP devices.
    [譯者語(yǔ)]over PART of the common-mode range怎樣處理好?

    JZ:就是字面上的“在部分共模范圍上”。
    比如共模動(dòng)態(tài)范圍是+5/-5V,可能輸入電壓變化到+/-2V時(shí)的指標(biāo)好,而在+/-1V之間由于交越失真導(dǎo)致的指標(biāo)差。

    [019]
    An advantage to this type of rail-to-rail input stage design is that input stage transconductance can be made constant throughout the entire input common-mode voltage range, and the AMPLIFIER slews symmetrically for all applied signals.

    slews指以某升/降速率變化:放大器對(duì)所有信號(hào)的升/降都以相等的速率變化著。


    試譯][32]
    These considerations, as well as those regarding rail-to-rail PRECISION, have implications in many circuits, namely instrumentation AMPLIFIERs, which will be covered in the next sections.
    對(duì)上述的(JZ:[31]中)、包括諸如軌-對(duì)-軌精度等考慮也適用于其他電路中,例如對(duì)儀表放大器的考慮中。在后續(xù)章節(jié)中將涉及到儀表放大器。


    35樓: >>參與討論
    ic921
    解釋得好好!
    懂了一些,又覺(jué)得復(fù)雜了一些。

    ----
    我也沒(méi)看出兩者在文中的含義有什么區(qū)別,倒是看到rail-rail/rail-to-rail中有單電源、雙電源等區(qū)別。
    >>到底指什么意思呢?


    rail-rail     單電源?
    rail-to-rail  雙電源?
    如果是,那么原來(lái)的誤會(huì)也太多了....

    36樓: >>參與討論
    qqwjwww
    關(guān)注
    這是AD公司的研討會(huì)資料。一共9章。
    不是datasheet。有實(shí)際學(xué)習(xí)意義。

    以上是給不知道的人作介紹?梢陨纤麄兙W(wǎng)站下載英文原文。

    37樓: >>參與討論
    jz0095
    單電源中也有rail-rail或者rail-to-rail的應(yīng)用
    該含義是從[13]中看到的。

    013]
    With the increasing emphasis on low-voltage, low-power, and "single-supply operation", there is some demand for op amps whose input common-mode range "includes both supply rails".

    rail-rail和rail-to-rail本身并沒(méi)有什么區(qū)別。

    38樓: >>參與討論
    asunmad
    rail-to-rail vs. rail-rail
    我認(rèn)為rail-to-rail與rail-rail完全是一個(gè)東西,只是原文作者混用了罷了。
    rail-to-rail中的橫線是連字符,rail-rail中的橫線則相當(dāng)于破折號(hào),“軌—軌”就是“軌到軌”,就像“0—9”就是“0到9”

    39樓: >>參與討論
    ihoooo118
    支持!
    樓主辛苦了!

    40樓: >>參與討論
    sheepyang
    關(guān)于輸出相位反相
    FET是漏極輸出,其工作原理類(lèi)似MOS,
    當(dāng)NFET的柵加高電壓時(shí)(,Vgs>0,本來(lái)Vgs=0就是導(dǎo)通的,Vgs>0相當(dāng)于降低了導(dǎo)通電阻,類(lèi)似于在耗盡型的NMOS上再加上正柵壓,那不是導(dǎo)通更厲害么?),則漏極輸出低電壓.
    PFET則相反,柵接地時(shí),呵呵,(Vgs<0, PFET柵源接一起也是導(dǎo)通的)導(dǎo)通電阻小,
    輸出高電位。

    而且文章中提到的是可能性。


    41樓: >>參與討論
    ic921
    感謝大家的關(guān)照
    另,請(qǐng)sheepyang點(diǎn)評(píng)時(shí)加上段落編號(hào),方便大家的對(duì)照。這是我們開(kāi)始時(shí)約定的習(xí)慣,請(qǐng)跟上吧。

    參見(jiàn)asunmad和jz0095的跟帖。

    42樓: >>參與討論
    sheepyang
    湊數(shù)
    [031]
    no matter what claims are made,不管怎么說(shuō)

    聯(lián)系上下文的意思,作者好象是說(shuō)rail-to-rail無(wú)論吹得是多么的好(暈,王婆賣(mài)瓜了),但是仍然與輸出級(jí)的器件特性和負(fù)載電流有關(guān)。

    [16]phase reversal
    應(yīng)該翻譯成"反相",即如果NFET柵加高電位,輸出將為低電位(即漏電位接近源電位,PFET也是一樣的)


    [30]Third, rail-to-rail AMPLIFIER OUTPUT stages exhibit load-dependent gain which affects AMPLIFIER open-loop gain, and hence closed-loop gain accuracy.

    第三,軌到軌放大器輸出級(jí)增益與負(fù)載有關(guān),這將影響放大器的開(kāi)環(huán)增益,當(dāng)然也影響了閉環(huán)增益的準(zhǔn)確性。


    [18][28] crossover threshold 交叉值 (暈,被整暈了,上下文好象有點(diǎn)矛盾)
    我的理解是文章中提到,rail to rail需要兩個(gè)差分對(duì)(圖1.5)這兩個(gè)差分對(duì)可能輸入共模電壓范圍不一樣可能存在交疊。感覺(jué)是兩者的共模范圍重疊最好,因?yàn)檫@不影響輸入端的特性。(理解可能有誤,但看文章好象是的)
    但是[18]里面好象是一個(gè)導(dǎo)通一個(gè)就關(guān)閉。暈,優(yōu)點(diǎn)混亂。


    [21]如果整個(gè)輸入共模范圍里兩個(gè)差分對(duì)都有效的話,AMPLIFIER transient response is faster through the middle of the common-mode range by as much as a factor of 2 for bipolar input stages and by a factor of the square root of 2 for FET input stages

    這句話的意思好象是說(shuō)如果共模電壓在共模范圍的中間,則瞬態(tài)響應(yīng)則加快。

    如果整個(gè)輸入共模范圍里兩個(gè)差分對(duì)都有效的話,共模輸入電壓在共模范圍中間,運(yùn)算放大器的瞬態(tài)響應(yīng)將加快,對(duì)于雙極輸入差不多加快2倍,而對(duì)于FET輸入加快根號(hào)2倍(1.414).







    * - 本貼最后修改時(shí)間:2006-1-17 14:06:58 修改者:sheepyang

    43樓: >>參與討論
    sheepyang
    暈了
    [18]Also, AMPLIFIER bias currents, dominated by the PNP differential pair over most of the input common-mode range, change polarity and magnitude at the crossover threshold when the NPN differential pair becomes active.

    還有,輸入共模電壓在交疊區(qū)NPN對(duì)開(kāi)始工作時(shí),幾乎整個(gè)共模范圍內(nèi)由PNP差分對(duì)決定的偏置電流將改變極性和大小。


    注:從[18]來(lái)看好象,P對(duì)工作不希望N對(duì)工作。但下面的內(nèi)容里的放大器又是N對(duì)和P對(duì)同時(shí)工作的。所以感覺(jué)有點(diǎn)亂。

    這個(gè)偏置電流也有點(diǎn)模糊。N對(duì)工作改變大小是肯定的,但是怎么會(huì)改變極性?
    不知道這個(gè)bias currents是指什么電流?是整個(gè)電路的偏置電流還是輸入偏置電流?

    44樓: >>參與討論
    sheepyang
    還是有點(diǎn)暈哦
    [20]. The exception occurs at the extremes of the input common-mode range, where AMPLIFIER offset voltages and bias currents increase sharply due to the slight forward-biasing of parasitic p-n junctions.

    foward bias,正偏,文中的意思是對(duì)于N對(duì),當(dāng)基極輸入電壓高壓集電極電壓時(shí),基極與集電極寄生的PN(其實(shí)不是寄生,是應(yīng)該有的)將正偏。在1V以內(nèi)將輕微導(dǎo)通。
    對(duì)于P對(duì),則是基極輸入電壓低于集電極電壓。


    [18] crossover threshold
    還是有點(diǎn)模糊,感覺(jué)是P和N有時(shí)同時(shí)工作,有時(shí)不同時(shí)工作則存在crossover threshold.

    45樓: >>參與討論
    l1q2cc3
    暈了 沒(méi)有后面的
    我需要后面的翻譯阿  根本不懂英文  非要翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)的

    46樓: >>參與討論
    zexun
    辛苦了
    摟住辛苦了,謝謝摟住!

    47樓: >>參與討論
    l1q2cc3
    多辛苦點(diǎn)吧
    樓主多辛苦點(diǎn)吧   把后面的也翻譯了吧  實(shí)在需要啊

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